Building Automation System (BAS) Architecture Design
In accordance with Chapter 18 of GB 51348 and the requirements of GB 50314, the BAS adopts a three-tier network architecture: management tier (central monitoring workstation + servers), control tier (DDC controllers + network controllers), and field tier (sensors + actuators). Management tier configuration: one central monitoring workstation (primary), one backup workstation, one data server (redundant hot standby), and UPS backup of no less than 60 minutes. The software platform adopts BACnet/IP or Modbus TCP open protocols, supporting a scale of 700 points or more. Recommended: Honeywell WEBs-N4, Siemens Desigo CC, Johnson Controls Metasys, or SUPCON iLooP. The control tier establishes network controllers (NCU) by floor or functional zone, each connecting 4–8 DDCs, with 20% spare capacity reserved for total points. A typical hotel has approximately 2,500–4,000 monitoring points. The monitoring scope includes chiller/heater plant systems, air handling terminals, plumbing and drainage systems, power distribution systems, etc. Field devices include temperature sensors (PT100, accuracy ±0.2°C), humidity sensors (accuracy ±2%RH), CO2 sensors (NDIR type, 0–2000 ppm), and motorized control valves (two-way or three-way, 24V/0–10V). The BAS interfaces with fire protection, security, lighting, and guest room systems through standard protocols.
Air Conditioning System Intelligent Control Strategies
Chiller/heater plant group control — automatic staging based on outdoor temperature and return water temperature: when load exceeds 90% of operating capacity and persists for 30 minutes, start an additional unit; when below 35% of total capacity and persists for 30 minutes, stop one unit. Best Efficiency Point (BEP) control — calculate total system power under different combinations based on unit performance curves and automatically select the lowest-energy-consumption combination. Cooling water temperature optimization — calculate setpoint based on outdoor wet-bulb temperature (Ts = WBGT + 3°C) and reset every 15 minutes. AHU/PAU control — supply air temperature PID control at 12–14°C; fresh air damper controlled by CO2 (600–1000 ppm); intermittent operation on holidays. VAV control — room temperature high → damper opens wider → supply airflow increases → fan speeds up. FCU networking — networked to BAS via RS485 or ZigBee for centralized monitoring; guest room FCUs linked via RCU: card inserted → operate per mode; card removed → energy-saving mode after 5 minutes.
Intelligent Lighting and Guest Room Control System Integration
Intelligent lighting adopts DALI or DMX512 protocols. The system architecture includes a central controller, zone controllers (4-channel/8-channel), DALI ballasts, control panels, and sensors. Strategies: lobby automatically switches scenes based on time + illuminance (morning 100%; daytime 80% + curtains open; dusk 60% + wall lights; nighttime 30% + accent lighting). Banquet hall DMX512 dimming with 10 preset scenes for one-touch switching. Corridor occupancy sensing at 10% for energy saving when unoccupied. The RCU guest room control system uses the RCU controller as the core, connecting to electronic door locks (RF card), card-insertion power switches, thermostats (LCD), SOS buttons, infrared sensors, and curtain motors. Linkage logic: card inserted → identification → start air conditioning (24°C in summer, 22°C in winter) → welcome lighting on → open or close curtains. Card removed → 5-minute delay → energy-saving mode (cooling 27°C, heating 18°C) → all lights off → curtains closed.
Energy Management System (EMS) and Data Analytics
The EMS integrates data from BAS, intelligent lighting, RCU, and various sub-metering meters. Data collection: Level 1 metering points (total water inlet, total electricity inlet, total gas inlet) no fewer than 1; Level 2 (by functional zone) no fewer than the number of zones; Level 3 (key equipment) no fewer than the number of equipment units. GB 17167 requires Level 1 coverage of 100%, Level 2 no less than 90%, and Level 3 no less than 70%. Data analytics functions: energy dashboard displaying all metrics in real time, queryable by day/month/year with automatic trend charts. Benchmarking analysis — against historical data (year-on-year, month-on-month), against similar buildings (national average approximately 130 kWh/m²·a; excellent no more than 100), and against design baseline. Anomaly alerts — set operating thresholds; automatic work order triggered when exceeded — e.g., chilled water temperature difference below 3°C (normal 5°C) triggers cooling waste alert; cooling water above 37°C triggers energy efficiency degradation alert; high water usage in guest room areas at night triggers leak alert. Energy consumption forecasting — predict 24-hour load based on historical data and weather forecasts to optimize equipment operation in advance. Carbon management — display carbon footprint data and support carbon emission tracking.