Shaft acceptance and construction preparation
Before elevator installation, the civil construction of the shaft must be accepted to ensure installation conditions are met. Acceptance items: (1) Shaft dimensions and verticality: use a laser rangefinder and plumb laser to measure the shaft dimensions at each floor and the overall verticality, and record deviation data; (2) Reserved landing door openings: check whether the dimensions, positions and elevations of door openings at each floor are consistent with the drawings; (3) Embedded parts and reserved holes: check the embedded steel plates for guide rail brackets (if embedding is adopted) or the positions of reserved holes; (4) Shaft lighting and ventilation: check whether lighting and ventilation holes are in place; (5) Pit and machine room: check pit depth, drainage facilities, machine room dimensions and load-bearing capacity. Items failing acceptance must be rectified by the civil construction unit before handover. Construction preparation includes: preparing the construction plan (including safety technical measures), handling the special equipment installation notification procedures (reporting to the special equipment supervision department of the local market supervision bureau), preparing construction tools (plumb laser, torque wrench, multimeter, oscilloscope, etc.) and safety protection facilities (safety harness, safety net, warning fence).
Guide rail installation and precision control
Guide rails are the tracks on which the elevator runs, and their installation precision determines the smoothness and comfort of elevator operation. Installation process: (1) Reference line setting: set 2-4 vertical reference lines (steel wire diameter 0.5-0.8 mm) from the top to the bottom of the shaft, with plumb weight not less than 5 kg; (2) Guide rail bracket installation: bracket spacing not more than 2.5 m (not more than 2.0 m for high-speed elevators), with brackets firmly connected to the shaft wall (expansion bolts or welded embedded steel plates); (3) Section-by-section guide rail installation: T-shaped guide rails are connected by connection plates + bolts, and the joints must be flush (step not greater than 0.05 mm); (4) Guide rail verticality adjustment: use a dedicated guide rail alignment gauge to adjust section by section, with verticality deviation not exceeding 1/2000 (per 5 m); (5) Guide rail spacing control: spacing deviation between the two rows of guide rails 0-2 mm (only positive deviation allowed). For high-speed elevators (speed ≥2.5 m/s), it is recommended to use rolled guide rails (material not lower than Q235) and increase the guide rail model (such as T89-B, T114, etc.). During installation, preliminary adjustment is performed immediately after each guide rail section is installed, and fine adjustment is performed after the full-height installation is completed.
Wire rope installation and tension adjustment
Wire ropes are key components of the elevator traction system and directly affect elevator safety and service life. Installation points: (1) Wire rope specifications: selected according to elevator load capacity and traction sheave diameter, usually 8-12 mm diameter, with safety factor not less than 12 (three or more wire ropes) or 16 (two wire ropes); (2) Wire rope cutting: cut with an abrasive wheel cutting machine (electric welding or gas cutting is prohibited), and both ends shall be cast with alloy sleeves and Babbitt alloy or pressed with dedicated rope heads; (3) Wire rope reeving: reeve correctly according to the traction ratio requirements, keeping the rope ends evenly stressed; (4) Tension adjustment: tension deviation of each wire rope not greater than 5% of the average value. Use a tension meter to measure each rope one by one, and balance the tension by adjusting the rope head assembly (spring/nut); (5) Inspection and maintenance: after installation, check the wire rope lubrication, and recheck and readjust the tension after 72 hours of operation. Uneven tension will lead to premature wear of individual wire ropes, uneven wear of traction sheave grooves, and running vibration.
Commissioning, operation and safety testing
After elevator installation is completed, comprehensive commissioning and safety testing must be carried out. Commissioning steps: (1) Electrical commissioning: check control cabinet wiring, inverter parameter settings (speed curve, acceleration/deceleration time, torque compensation), and safety circuit (door lock circuit, limit switch, emergency stop switch) functions; (2) No-load trial run: connect temporary power, run at low speed floor by floor (0.5 m/s) to check door operator action and leveling accuracy (within ±5 mm); (3) Full-load trial run: load the rated capacity (standard weights or water tank loading) for full-travel operation, and test traction capability (slippage check) and braking capability; (4) Safety testing: safety gear action test (trigger the speed governor during downward travel at 125% rated load), speed governor calibration, buffer compression test; (5) Overload test (125% rated load): check the overload protection device (should issue audible and visual alarms and the elevator must not start). Commissioning shall be checked item by item and recorded in accordance with GB 10060-2011 Code for Acceptance of Elevator Installation. Safety tests must be conducted under the witness of a special equipment inspection agency.